Tourism product development and the changing consumer demand: A case study of Kenya

Kenya is an important tourist destination in Africa accounting for over 6% of the total international tourist arrivals to the continent. However, in recent years Kenya's tourism industry has been experiencing problems of poor performance and continuing decline in the number of international tourist arrivals. This study examines the main characteristics of the country's tourism product vis‐a‐vis the changing trends in global tourism market demands. It is argued that the underlying cause of the recent poor performance of the tourism industry relates to the nature of the country's tourism product. Over the years, Kenya has been offering a limited tourism product that is based on beach and wildlife tourism. Also, the marketing of Kenya mainly depends on overseas tour operators who mainly sell inclusive tour packages. Thus, the form of tourism product that is offered by Kenya has not responded to the recent changes and trends in international tourism market demands. Post‐modern tourists, particularly tourists from developed countries, are increasing becoming aware of the negative impacts of mass tourism and are increasingly looking for alternative tourism products that provide a deeper and more meaningful experience. Thus, if Kenya is to rejuvenate its tourism industry there is need for the country to provide a diverse alternative tourism product which is more appealing to the post‐modern tourists.     

城乡互动产业协调 推动绿洲城乡一体化

城乡一体化是绿洲经济发展的长远目标。本文认为，当前根植于交通网络的城乡两地三次产业互动是绿洲城乡一体化的基本路径。     

改革开放30年新疆农民收入变化及对策建议

改革开放30年，新疆农村经济社会发生了翻天覆地的变化，农民收入大幅度提高，生活水平显著改善，温饱问题得以解决。本文在对新疆农民收入增长的历程、特征及农民生活消费水平变化特征分析的基础上，提出了促进农民增收的对策与建议。     

西部开发面临的挑战

经济全球化使西部开发面临相当严峻的国际环境；产业结构的不合理使西部开发面临“瓶颈”的制约更加突出；世界新科技革命使西部开发面临生产能力相对过剩的经济背景。中国加入 WTO后使西部开发面临“两种适应”、“两种优势”的巨大考验。知识经济的到来使西部开发面临传统资源优势的弱化和知识、信息、教育、科技、人才劣势的强化，以及失业问题的加剧。     

Taxing land for urban containment: Reflections on a Dutch debate

Excessive land use regulations aimed at containing urban sprawl have been criticised, because they may overcompensate for the external effects of uncontrolled greenfield development and contribute to stagnation in house building. Taxes on building in green spaces may be an instrument for balancing urban growth and the protection of the landscape. This paper discusses development tax and puts it in the context of other planning instruments. It reviews a recent policy debate in the Netherlands relating to the introduction of an open space tax and the research into this tax. It also investigates the policy process, which resulted in the tax not being introduced. Finally, conclusions are drawn as to whether the taxation of development may be a useful instrument to complement other planning measures.     

对旅游的本质、动机、作用的再认识——由生态旅游引发的思考

对生态环境的关注将成为我们生活中重要的内容 ,实质上人类进行生态旅游活动正是从人本身的生存与发展需要出发的。人类初期由于对自然现象的不了解 ,产生了对生存环境的第一次恐惧。旅游在推动社会进步 ,淡化对自然的恐惧方面 ,完成了第一次历史使命。当人类对社会问题有了更深入的理解时 ,对生存环境的第二次恐惧随即产生。可持续发展原则的具体落实有助于化解第二次恐惧 ,生态旅游有利于人们环保意识的增强 ,并支配其行为习惯成自然。旅游的第二次历史使命将助推自然、人、社会形成三位一体的均衡交点。旅游的根本动机在于人类对自身行为的调整。     

Cost of Equity Capital and Additionality of Brazilian Renewable Energy Projects Under the Clean Development Mechanism

The purpose of this study was to assess additionality and the practice of estimating the cost of equity capital in 70 renewable energy projects in Brazil. Forty projects demonstrated additionality by means of financial analysis. No strong or clear relationships were found between project characteristics and the financial method used to demonstrate additionality. Among projects that used financial analysis, the evaluation often employed the risk-free rate. Failure to add any risk premium to projects of this nature suggests a certain analytical carelessness, perhaps induced by the innovative or experimental nature of these projects.     

Guanxi and professional conduct in China: a management development perspective

This paper explores guanxi within the context of 'ethical' behaviour. It was found that guanxi exerted a strong influence on our sample, with the exception of the necessity to lend money. As well, there appeared to be a significant minority of respondents who would behave unethically to preserve group solidarity. It was suggested that a modified version of the Belcourt et al . 's management development model would be a useful tool in the development of modified coaching processes for use in authoritarian cultures.     

贫困陷阱的微观机制与实证研究述评

近年来,一批发展经济学家在吸收早期贫困陷阱理论合理内核的基础上,借助现代经济学新的理论与方法,将贫困陷阱问题的研究从宏观层面推进到微观层次、从抽象的理论阐释推进到精细的实证分析,并在此过程中拓展了贫困陷阱问题的研究范围。本文以述论结合的方式梳理这一研究领域的新进展,并在发展经济学学科发展史的视野中审视贫困陷阱理论、展望进一步的研究方向。     

我国绿色建筑发展和建筑节能的形势与任务

本文首先回顾了我国绿色建筑及相关技术的发展历程和现状,在此基础上重点分析了我国近期加快绿色建筑发展的六大推动力,最后探讨了影响建筑节能和绿色发展的几个重要问题。